Teknoloji Haberleri
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Essay Types
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Definition Essay Definition: The aim in this essay is to define, explain, and exemplify something. Generally, in definition essays, we try to make the terms that we use understandable for the reader. Our understanding of a term may be different from the general concept, or we may be focusing on a specific aspect. Giving an exact definition would enable the reader to follow the ideas and arguments in your essay. Organization: Definition of a term is generally given in the introduction. The development of the essay is dedicated to the explanation of the term. There are many ways to explain a term. It is also possible to employ more than one of these methods of development. Below are some of the types of organization that can be used. To illustrate these types of organization, the term Total Quality Management (TQM) is given as an example: Explanation of a Process: The steps involved in the implementation of TQM. Description: Examples of the kind of labor conflict that TQM is supposed to eliminate or alleviate. Comparison/Contrast: Contrasts to other management theories, demonstrating what TQM is not as well as what it is. Cause/Effect: How TQM responds to certain needs in the workplace. Narrative: Anecdotal illustration After writing the essay, we can check to see whether the term is clearly defined or there are still vague points. Let's have a look at the organization of the sample essay "What is This Thing Called Love?" The writer has explained the term "love" by explaining first what love is not (comparison / contrast organization). Here is the analysis of the sample essay: Origin and history of the term "love" what love is NOT what love IS Language: Depending on the kind of organization, you can choose certain transitions; for example, if you are showing the differences between TQM and other management systems, you use on the other hand, whereas, etc. Sample definition essay: What is This Thing Called Love? A wise man once said that love is a wonderful thing. Although this statement leaves sparse room for argument, it does little to define what love is beyond the vague realm of wonderful. It is my duty as a devout romantic to embark upon the seemingly difficult task of defining love by looking at the history, explaining what love is not, and examining the uses of love and the results of that usage. The origin of the word is probably the most logical place to start. As with many words in the English language, love is a derivative of the Latin word "causemajoraproblemus" which means "You're miserable when you got it and miserable when you don't." The word was created to explain the biological phenomenon that existed when certain individuals came into contact with each other and either remained together or went about their lives separately. Regardless of the outcome, the relationship was usually characteristic of throat lumps, knotted stomaches, weak knees, temporary loss of language, sweaty palms, dizziness, sneezing, and occasional nausea. Belligerent insanity also resulted. History clearly illustrates this. Can we ever forget the face that launched a thousand ships? Federally expressing Van Gogh's ear? The construction of Le Tour Eiffel? All of these were results of love and love lost. Star-crossed lovers have stated that love is not hand nor foot nor any part belonging to a man. Matrimonial ceremonies also claim that love is not jealous or boastful. Let it be stated here that love also is not a gourmet dish, a domesticated animal, or a latest trend. Love is not a strategic defense mechanism nor the best kept secret at the Pentagon. Love is not another seasoning to bottle and stick on the dust-lined shelves of the spice rack. Love is not to be confused with adhesive tape. Instead, love is a great counterpart to late, evening thunder storms on hot July nights. Love goes well with cold pizza on picnic blankets. Love is cold, wet sand between bare toes. Love is a capitalistic sell-all for novels, Top-40 pop songs, summer movies, and greeting cards. In its simplest terms, love is a four-letter word. Much like other words of similar letter make up, when expressed it can evoke laughter, pleasure, pain, anger, and virtually any wave of reaction. Love also can be confused with feelings of indigestion and gas. Houses have been built, burned, and banished because of love. |
< Bu mesaj bu kişi tarafından değiştirildi Uygurca -- 12 Temmuz 2010; 1:07:23 >
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Classification Essay Definition: In a classification essay, we organize things into categories and give examples of things that fit into each category. For example, if you choose to write about types of computers (PCs and servers), each of your developmental paragraphs will define the characteristics of a different computer type. Classification criteria: Before writing, it is necessary to decide on the classification criteria. We should think according to what properties we are going to classify things. The criteria must be discriminating and the emerging classes should be non-overlapping. In the sample essay about types of computers, the computers are classified according to their functions and capabilities, as: < Resime gitmek için tıklayın > Organization: The introduction of a classification essay is quite straightforward. In the thesis statement, you mention that there are (number) types of (something) according to their (properties). In the developmental paragraphs, you need to define each type you mentioned in the thesis. You may also need to show the similarities and/or differences of these types. Giving examples would enable your readers to understand better. Language: The common transitions used while classifying are the first kind / type / group, the second kind / type / group, the third kind / type / group. Sample classification essay: Types of Computers There are a lot of terms used to describe computers. Most of these words imply the size, expected use or capability of the computer. While the term “computer” can apply to virtually any device that has a microprocessor in it, most people think of a computer as a device that receives input from the user through a mouse or keyboard, processes it in some fashion and displays the result on a screen. Computers can be divided into five according to the purpose they are used for and their capabilities. The most familiar type of microprocessor is the personal computer (PC). It designed for general use by a single person. While a Mac is also a PC, most people relate the term with systems that run the Windows operating system. PCs were first known as microcomputers because they were a complete computer but built on a smaller scale than the huge systems in use by most businesses. A PC can come in two types (three if we include the Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) that differ from PCs not by the working policy but in appearance as well.): Desktop and laptop. The former is not designed for portability. The expectation with desktop systems is that you will set the computer up in a permanent location. Most desktops offer more power, storage and versatility for less cost than their portable brethren. On the other hand, the laptops - also called notebooks - are portable computers that integrate the display, keyboard, a pointing device or trackball, processor, memory and hard drive all in a battery-operated package slightly larger than an average hardcover book. Another purpose for using a microprocessor is as a workstation. The computers used for this purpose have a more powerful processor, additional memory and enhanced capabilities for performing a special group of task, such as 3D Graphics or game development. A computer can also be used as a server. For this, it needs to be optimized to provide services to other computers over a network. Servers usually have powerful processors, lots of memory and large hard drives. A fourth type, a main frame is the heart of a network of computers or terminals which allows hundreds of people to work at the same time on the same data. It is indispensable for the business world. Sometimes, computers can be used for specialized fields as well. The supercomputer is the top of the heap in power and expense. It is used for jobs that take massive amounts of calculating, like weather forecasting, engineering design and testing, serious decryption, and economic forecasting. With the increasing demand in different specialties, new adjustments are being made to microprocessors and new types of computers that serve different purposes emerge. In this ongoing process, it would not possible to put a full stop here. What we suggest is that it is better to keep en eye on the development of science in this field and keep updating our knowledge in order not to be out-of-date like the computers of old times that were as big as a room. |
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Comparison and Contrast Essay Definition: In this kind of essay, the aim is to show the similarities and differences of two items, two people, two countries, or how something or someone has changed. When comparing two things, we focus more on the similarities though we may mention the differences shortly. When contrasting two things, we point out the differences between them. The most important point to consider while planning a comparison and contrast essay is choosing comparable items. e.g. Middle East Technical University and Bogazici University. We have to make sure that these two items have enough points to be compared. After writing the comparable points as a list, location, size, reputation, specialty, social clubs, sports facilities, we have to eliminate some of them and choose 2-3 from the list that can lead to full supported paragraphs. location size specialty Organization: Two patterns of organization are possible: 1. Point-by-Point In this pattern, the organization is as follows: thesis statement: METU and BOUN are Turkey's two very prestigious universities with some differences in their specialties, facilities, and locations. I. specialty A. METU B. BOUN II. facility A. METU B. BOUN III. location A. METU B. BOUN For each of the points of comparison, we compare and contrast the two items. 2. Block (All of One / All of the Other) In this pattern, the two items to be compared and contrasted form two separate paragraphs. In each paragraph the points of comparison are discussed in the same order, as in the following organization: thesis statement: METU and BOUN are Turkey's two very prestigious universities with some differences in their specialties, facilities, and locations. I. BOUN A. specialty B. facility C. location II. METU A. specialty B. facility C. location This pattern is mostly used when the amount of information about the items is limited. Also some topics (e.g. Your life before and after the divorce of your parents) lend themselves to block type organization. Language: The two patterns differ in terms of language as well. While pattern 2 is quite straightforward, pattern 1 requires more transitions but the end product is more understandable for the reader. Some transitions that can be used for showing similarity: similar to like both ... and ... in addition moreover besides likewise similarly in the same way Some transitions indicating difference: different from in contrast to compared with unlike but on the other hand conversely in contrast however Do not forget that using transitions enables the piece of writing to be coherent; it is easier for the reader to follow our ideas when transitions are used to link them together. However, overuse of transitions causes a traffic jam and should be avoided. We should be using transitions sparingly (only when necessary). Sample comparison contrast essay: METU and Bogazici University Almost all high school students who would like to further their academic lives in the university search for information about the various universities of Turkey. Among many universities in Turkey, two of them are the most popular: Middle East Technical University and Bogazici University. They are considered the best. However, since both cannot be THE BEST, their specialties, facilities and locations need to be examined in detail to be able to choose the most suitable university for one's education life. One of the areas that one should investigate is the specialties of the two universities. METU is a comparatively new university (1956). Its aim was to contribute to the development of Turkey and Middle East countries and especially to train people so as to create a skilled workforce in the fields of natural and social sciences. The first academic program to start education was the Department of Architecture. It was followed by the Department of Mechanical Engineering. Today, there are 37 undergraduate programs in five faculties of METU. Bogazici University, on the other hand, is a very old university (1863). Its first name was Robert College. It got its present name in 1971. It started education by giving Bachelor of Arts degree. Engineering building was built later (1912). Today, Bogazici is known to graduate students who have strong social and business skills. The second point we would like to compare is their facilities. METU is widely recognized with its cultural and intellectual facilities. The campus houses pioneers of some clubs such as mountaineering and scuba diving clubs, which are only two of a total of 25 different social clubs that students can choose. There is an alumni society. There are two gymnasiums, 7 tennis courts, a closed and an open swimming pool. However, the campus is far from the city center; therefore, there are not many places to eat at around the campus. METU has a very good library with hard and electronic copies of many books and journals. Bogazici also has a very good library, a swimming pool, a gymnasium and an alumni society that offers many extra-curricular courses, such as fitness, yoga, cooking courses. There are canteens on campus. However, unlike METU, Bogazici is situated in Etiler and it is close to Bebek, places popular with young people and there are a lot of places to eat around the campus. This brings us to the third point we would like to compare; the campus. The two campuses are quite different from each other. Bogazici campus is quite old; dates back to the second half of 19th century. The buildings are very old. Though they are restored from time to time, they have historical value and their facades cannot be changed. The campus is full of old trees and it has an awesome view of the Bosphorus. The campus is quite large. However, new buildings cannot be added so two new campuses have been constructed. One is called the North Campus and is quite close to the main campus. The other is in Kilyos, 40 km away. There are shuttle busses for both campuses. METU, on the other hand, is modern looking with concrete and red brick buildings. The campus is large enough to allow construction of new buildings. With many green areas where students can meet and talk, it has a more academic atmosphere. As a conclusion, we can say that METU dwells more on the technical departments and a closed campus life which enables the students to concentrate on their courses more. On the other hand, Bogazici is very good at social sciences and economics departments and has every facility to create a cultural and intellectual environment for the student. One should evaluate one’s priorities before making such a choice. |
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ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY Definition: In this kind of essay, we not only give information but also present an argument with the PROS (supporting ideas) and CONS (opposing ideas) of an argumentative issue. We should clearly take our stand and write as if we are trying to persuade an opposing audience to adopt new beliefs or behavior. The primary objective is to persuade people to change beliefs that many of them do not want to change. Choosing an argumentative topic is not an easy task. The topic should be such that it should be narrowed down X Marijuana should be considered illegal. (Not a good topic because it is too general. In some medical cases, marijuana is prescribed by the doctors and the patients are encouraged to use it in case of suffering from too much pain) √ Selling and using marijuana in public places should be considered illegal. it should contain an argument X We should decide whether we want a bicycle or a car. (our stand is not clear: do we support having bicycles or cars?) √ If we are under the age of 30 and want a healthy life, we should definitely get a bicycle instead of a car. X Are you one of those who thinks cheating is not good for students? (a question cannot be an argument) √ Cheating helps students learn. X Considering its geological position, Turkey has an important geopolitical role in the EU. (facts cannot be arguments) √ Considering its geopolitical role, we can clearly say that the EU cannot be without Turkey. it should be a topic that can be adequately supported (with statistics, outside source citations, etc.) X I feel that writing an argumentative essay is definitely a challenging task. (feelings cannot be supported; we cannot persuade other people) If you believe that you can find enough evidence to support your idea and refute others effectively, you can choose challenging topics as well. You can enjoy writing about such topics: Cheating is beneficial for students. Murat 124 is a very good choice for conscientious drivers. Stress is good for the human body. Polygamy is quite natural. For women, there is no need for men. Organization: All argumentative topics have PROs and CONs. Before starting writing, it is imperative to make a list of these ideas and choose the most suitable ones among them for supporting and refuting. There are three possible organization patterns: Pattern 1: Thesis statement: PRO idea 1 PRO idea 2 CON(s) + Refutation(s) Conclusion Pattern 2: Thesis statement: CON(s) + Refutation(s) PRO idea 1 PRO idea 2 Conclusion Pattern 3: Thesis statement: CON idea 1 -----> Refutation CON idea 2 -----> Refutation CON idea 3 -----> Refutation Conclusion The sample essay has been written according to the third pattern. Thesis: Do Reiki instead of taking medicine. Counter arguments Refutation 1. People should trust medicine since it is effective and scientifically proven. -----> Reiki is also scientifically proven and does not have side effects. (refutation method: insufficient claim) 2. Serious illnesses such as HIV/AIDS and cancer cannot be treated without medicine. -----> Medicine also cannot treat serious illnesses if not diagnosed at an early stage. (refutation method: opponents are partially correct) 3. Reiki, like alternative healing methods, requires a lot of time. -----> Reiki requires less time if done regularly. (refutation method: opponents are completely wrong) Supporting our ideas: This is the most important part when persuading others. We are asking some people to change their beliefs or actions. We should be supporting our ideas with such facts, statistics and/or authorities that there should not be room for any doubts. Here are some faulty supports we should avoid: Thesis: Leaving the university and starting to work is good for the adolescent because … Feelings, emotional arguments (… it makes one feel much better.) Irrelevant examples (wandering off the topic) (… he would then be able to take his girlfriend to expensive restaurants.) Oversimplification (… only then would he understand what it means to be an adult.) Hasty generalizations (... it is a widely known fact that all adolescents look forward to earning money.) Unreliable, even false outside sources (… according towww.doubtme.com, 80% of working men wish they quit school when they were at university and started working at an earlier age.) For more mistakes in the logic of arguments, see Fallacies. Refuting opposing arguments: Before we start saying that the opponents are wrong, we should specify their opposing ideas. Otherwise, it would be like hitting the other person with eyes closed. We should see clearly what we are hitting and be prepared beforehand so that he cannot hit us back. We can do this by knowing what we are refuting. e.g. X Some people may say that adolescents should not leave university education; however, they are wrong. (what they say is not wrong. Maybe their supporting idea is wrong /irrelevant /insufficient. We should state their supporting idea specifically to be able to refute it.) √ Some people may say that adolescents should not leave university education because they are not physically and psychologically mature enough to cope with the problems of the real world. However, they forget one fact: adolescents can vote or start driving at the age of 18 (in some countries even before that age!), which proves that they are considered physically and psychologically mature at that age. Language: Signposts gain importance in the argumentative essay. They enable the readers to follow our arguments easily. When pointing out opposing arguments (CONs): Opponents of this idea claim / maintain that … Those who disagree / are against these ideas may say / assert that … Some people may disagree with this idea. When stating specifically why they think like that: The put forward this idea because … They claim that … since … Reaching the turning point: However, but On the other hand, When refuting the opposing idea, we may use the following strategies: compromise but prove that their argument is not powerful enough: They have a point in thinking like that. To a certain extent they are right. completely disagree: After seeing this evidence, there is no way we can agree with what they say. say that their argument is irrelevant to the topic: What we are discussing here is not what they are trying to prove. Their argument is irrelevant. Sample argumentative essay: HEALTH AND HEALING AT YOUR FINGERTIPS Throw out the bottles and boxes of drugs in your house. A new theory suggests that medicine could be bad for your health, which should at least come as good news to people who cannot afford to buy expensive medicine. However, it is a blow to the medicine industry, and an even bigger blow to our confidence in the progress of science. This new theory argues that healing is at our fingertips: we can be healthy by doing Reiki on a regular basis. Supporters of medical treatment argue that medicine should be trusted since it is effective and scientifically proven. They say that there is no need for spiritual methods such as Reiki, Yoga, Tai Chi. These waste our time, something which is quite precious in our material world. There is medicine that can kill our pain, x-rays that show us our fractured bones or MRI that scans our brain for tumors. We must admit that these methods are very effective in the examples that they provide. However, there are some “every day complaints” such as back pains, headaches, insomnia, which are treated currently with medicine. When you have a headache, you take an Aspirin, or Vermidon, when you cannot sleep, you take Xanax without thinking of the side effects of these. When you use these pills for a long period, you become addicted to them; you cannot sleep without them. We pay huge amounts of money and become addicted instead of getting better. How about a safer and more economical way of healing? When doing Reiki to yourself, you do not need anything except your energy so it is very economical. As for its history, it was discovered in Japan in the early 1900s and its popularity has spread particularly throughout America and Western Europe. In quantum physics, energy is recognized as the fundamental substance of which the universe is composed. Reiki depends on the energy within our bodies. It is a simple and effective way of restoring the energy flow. There are no side effects and it is scientifically explained. Opponents of alternative healing methods also claim that serious illnesses such as HIV/AIDS and cancer cannot be treated without drugs. They think so because these patients spend the rest of their lives in the hospital taking medicine. How can Reiki make these people healthy again? It is very unfortunate that these patients have to live in the hospital losing their hair because of chemotherapy, losing weight because of the side effects of the medicine they take. Actually, it is common knowledge that except for when the cancer is diagnosed at an early stage, drugs also cannot treat AIDS or cancer. Most of the medicine these patients use are to ease their pain and their sufferings because of the medical treatment they undergo. Instead of drugs which are expensive and have many side effects, you can use your energy to overcome the hardships of life, find an emotional balance, leave the stress of everyday life and let go of the everyday worries. Most of the chronic conditions such as eczema or migraine are known to have causes such as poor diet and stress. Deep-rooted anger or other strong emotions can contribute to viral infections as well. Since balancing our emotions and controlling our thoughts are very important for our well-being, we should definitely start learning Reiki and avoid illnesses before it is too late. Some people may still maintain that in our material world, everything depends on time. It is even “lacking time” that causes much of the stress that leads to the illnesses we mentioned. How would it be possible to find time to do Reiki to ourselves and the people around us when we cannot even find time to go to the theater? This is one good thing about Reiki; it does not require more than 15 minutes of our time. There is no need for changing clothes or special equipment. It is a wonderfully simple healing art, an effective method of relaxation and stress-relief. Most important of all, it is less time consuming than medicine if we think of all the time we spend taking medicine for some complaints and taking some more for the side effects as well. Having said these, resistance to Reiki would be quite illogical. Reiki is natural and drug-free. What is more, it is easy to learn by anyone, regardless of age and experience. It can be used anywhere, anytime. It also enhances physical, mental, emotional and spiritual well-being and the benefits last a lifetime. It is definitely high time to get away from the drug boxes we store in our drug cabinet! |
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Process Essay Definition: In this kind of essay, the aim is to describe how something is done in a sequence of steps or how something operates. This is the type of essay we use when we are explaining how online registration is made in Boğaziçi University or how the ABS brake system in a car works. Organization: Two kinds of organization are possible: 1. In the first one, we give a set of instructions in detail so that the readers can perform the same actions and do the process themselves. We introduce the process and the materials or tools required for the process. Then, we list the steps they must follow. The most important thing to bear in mind is to tell the readers everything that needs to be known. The readers who are doing the described process for the first time do not have experience so they should not be frustrated. 2. In the second kind of organization, we focus on the understanding of how something happens rather than the steps explained in detail. The aim of the writer is not to enable the reader to perform some actions but to explain the overall process. After writing the essay, we can check to see whether the steps are clearly explained and are in chronological order and proper transitions are used. In the first kind of organization, there should not be large gaps between the steps, and in the second one, there should not be any question marks in the readers’ minds about the overall process. Language: The steps should be written in chronological order, in the order that they happen. The readers should also be guided with transitions such as first, next, finally. Sample process essay: Online Registration in Boğaziçi University Online registration started in Boğaziçi as of September 2000. Online registration has made registration quite practical for young people who have chosen to be students of Boğaziçi University since they do not have to get into long queues to fill in the forms or try to find their advisors to ask for the courses they are eligible for. They can also add or drop courses. There are some steps that students should follow for the online registration. Students can reach the registration system on the Web address:https://registration.boun.edu.tr . When they see the Welcome Screen, they have to click on “Click here to continue”. If they do not see the welcome page, they can skip this step. When they reach the registration program, they have to click on “Course List Preparation (Students)” link for registration. If they are attending prep classes, they do not need to prepare a course list, but they must check their ID information on the screen. For registration procedures, they should enter their student number into the ID Number box and their password which they must have obtained from the Registrar’s Office into the box where it says Password. In the Course List Preparation Screen, the students can find information on the schedule (weekly course schedule which shows clashes in course hours), curriculum (the list of all the courses they must complete in order to graduate), past data (transcript of the student), and ID Information (personal information). Students who are in “repeating status” will find that all courses in which they had received an F grade will automatically be included in their course list if those courses are being offered that semester. To add courses to their lists, students first they choose the type of course to be added (example: Required, HSS, etc.) and click on the “Add” button. They must wait for the list of courses to appear on the screen. Then, choose the course they want to include in their list by clicking the little button next to the course code. They must click on “non-credit” if the course is to be taken as a non-credit course. They go to the top of the list, then click on “Add Selected Course“. The course will now appear in the course list on the “Course Preparation Screen”. The hours of this course can be seen in the Schedule. To add another course, they have to repeat the same procedure. If there are any restrictions in taking a certain course, the reason why they cannot add it to their list will appear on the screen. In that case, the students should go back to be “Course Preparation Screen” and try to add another course. When dropping a course, the students choose the course they want to “drop” by clicking on the button next to it. Then, they click on “Drop”. If the course cannot be dropped, the reason will appear on the screen. It is also possible to send a message to the designated academic advisor. To send a message, they have to click on “Send Message to Advisor”. They can now write a message of up to 255 characters. After finishing writing, they click on “Send message”. After having completed the “Course List Preparation”, it is important not to forget clicking on LOGOUT. If the system is left without logging out, it is not possible for the student to re-enter it for the next 20 minutes. The only step left is to send the course list preparation to the advisor for her/his approval. |
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| Thanks for sharing this useful information; but it shouldn't be forgetten that all of these only make up a structure for the words, therefore it is better to be as much imaginative as you can while writing, in order to come up with a successfull essay about a particular topic. |
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I know a tecnique called Hourclass, for example, the question is; Should women drive cars? first you give a lame reason about why women shouln't drive then you give less lame reason about it again then you make a really good argument you make your best argument then you give one lame reason why women should drive then you give one nicer reason about why women should drive then you make a good argument about why women should drive a car then you make your best argument about why women should drive a car |
< Bu mesaj bu kişi tarafından değiştirildi lev@ -- 13 Temmuz 2010; 0:49:00 >
You're right. Such rules may restrict writers. However, some schools and exam officers expect us to write a essay which has particular organization. For example, IELTS essay is not identical to TOEFL essay. You should know their special rules to pass the exam. By the way, I cannot write TOEFL essay as I don't know its organization. |
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DH Mobil uygulaması ile devam edin.
Mobil tarayıcınız ile mümkün olanların yanı sıra, birçok yeni ve faydalı özelliğe erişin.
Gizle ve güncelleme çıkana kadar tekrar gösterme.
ESSAY TYPES